Ilina arsova biography of christopher columbus

Rather than sailing east, he hoped that sailing west would lead to countries like Japan and China. To gain the necessary funding and support for his journeys, he approached the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The Spanish monarchs agreed to fund Columbus, partly on the Christian missionary efforts, but also hoping to gain an upper hand in the lucrative trade markets.

One advantage of the westward exploration is that it avoided conflict with the growing power of the Ottomans in the east. A map fromwith the perceived geography of the world in yellow superimposed on actual land. He had intended to sail to Japan but ended up in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Landing of Columbus 12 Octoberpainting by John Vanderlyn.

Columbus made a total of four journeys, where he sailed extensively around the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas and also to the mainland, to places such as Panama. Columbus was not the first person to reach America. Previous successful voyages included a Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson. Council on National Literatures.

Many Columbists Duke University Press. The William and Mary Quarterly. JSTOR Oxford University Press.

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October Smithsonian Magazine. The Christian Century in Japan, — University of California Press. Cambridge University Press. Yale University Press. Iberian Asia: the strategies of Spanish and Portuguese empire building, — Thesis. OCLC ProQuest Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge University Press : — S2CID Archived from the original PDF on 26 February Journal of the American Oriental Society.

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Constructed on a framework of latitude and longitude, the Ptolemy-revival map projections revealed the extent of the known world in relation to the whole. The Atlantic. JHU Press. Renaissance Europe 2nd ed. Lexington, Massachusetts: D. Heath and Company. MIT Press. It is also known that wind patterns and water currents in the Atlantic were crucial factors for launching an outward passage from the Canaries: Columbus understood that his chance of crossing the ocean was significantly greater just beyond the Canary calms, where he expected to catch the northeastern trade winds—although, as some authors have pointed out, "westing" from the Canaries, instead of dipping farther south, was hardly an optimal sailing choice, since Columbus's fleet was bound to lose, as soon it did, the northeasterlies in the mid-Atlantic.

Frederick Mathematics Magazine. ISSN X. Again it was rejected. In historical hindsight this looks like a fatally missed opportunity for the Portuguese crown, but the king had good reason not to accept Columbus's project. His panel of experts cast grave doubts on the assumptions behind it, noting that Columbus had underestimated the distance to China.

Chapter XIII, p. Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 24 May The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe appointed Columbus as the official viceroy of the Crown, which entitled him, by virtue of royal concession, to all the honors and jurisdictions accorded the conquerors of the Canaries. Usage of the terms "to discover" descubrir and "to acquire" ganar were legal cues indicating the goals of Spanish possession through occupancy and conquest.

Madrid: Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector — British Museum Press. The Columbian Exchange. CRC Press. In Horodowich, Elizabeth; Markey, Lia eds. Retrieved 10 April August Retrieved 16 March Archived from the original on 26 May Retrieved 12 October University of Chicago Press. Phillips Jr. University of Oklahoma Press. Encyclopedia of North American Indians.

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Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 83— Archived from the original on 21 November Retrieved 25 May The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton University Press. In Allen, John Logan ed. North American Exploration. University of Nebraska Press. Transaction Publishers. The Caribbean as Columbus Saw it.

Little, Brown. Christopher Columbus: Controversial Explorer of the Americas. Cavendish Square. In Haase, Wolfgang; Meyer, Reinhold eds. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May Retrieved 12 August The Life of Christopher Columbus. Prabhat Prakashan. Columbus on himself. Christopher Columbus. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Bobadilla was prejudiced in advance by what he heard, or what the monarchs relayed, from Columbus detractors.

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HIs brief was to conduct a judicial inquiry into Columbus' conduct, an unjust proceeding, in the Admiral's submission, since Bobadilla had a vested interest in an outcome that would keep him in power. Retrieved 18 June New York: Penguin. Conquistadores: a new history of Spanish discovery and conquest. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons The end of the Columbian Government in Hispaniola".

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El orden colonial in Spanish. Government Printing Office. In Roorda, Paul ed. Hispanic American Historical Review. Retrieved 26 January The First Americans. Berkeley: University of California Press. Westminster John Knox Press. The American Historical Review. University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from the ilina arsova biography of christopher columbus on 23 January Archives of Internal Medicine.

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Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 15 August In MayColumbus made headlines as news broke that a team of archaeologists might have found the Santa Maria off the north coast of Haiti. After a thorough investigation by the U. Columbus has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization—as well as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored.

Ultimately, he failed to find that what he set out for: a new route to Asia and the riches it promised. The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle. Wheat from the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Latin American countries.

And foods from the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn, became staples for Europeans and helped increase their populations. The Columbian Exchange also brought new diseases to both hemispheres, though the effects were greatest in the Americas. Smallpox from the Old World killed millions, decimating the Native American populations to mere fractions of their original numbers.

This more than any other factor allowed for European domination of the Americas. The overwhelming benefits of the Columbian Exchange went to the Europeans initially and eventually to the rest of the world. The Americas were forever altered, and the once vibrant cultures of the Indigenous civilizations were changed and lost, denying the world any complete understanding of their existence.

As more Italians began to immigrate to the United States and settle in major cities during the 19 th century, they were subject to religious and ethnic discrimination. This included a mass lynching of 11 Sicilian immigrants in in New Orleans. Just one year after this horrific event, President Benjamin Harrison called for the first national observance of Columbus Day on October 12,to mark the th anniversary of his arrival in the Americas.

Italian-Americans saw this honorary act for Columbus as a way of gaining acceptance. Colorado became the first state to officially observe Columbus Day in and, within five years, 14 other states followed. Thanks to a joint resolution of Congress, the day officially became a federal holiday in during the administration of Franklin D. InCongress declared the holiday would fall on the second Monday in October each year.

As ofapproximately 29 states no longer celebrate Columbus Dayand around cities have renamed it or replaced with the alternative Indigenous Peoples Day. One of the most notable cities to move away from celebrating Columbus Day in recent years is the state capital of Columbus, Ohio, which is named after the explorer. In Julythe city also removed a plus-foot metal statue of Columbus from the front of City Hall.

Columbus landed on a number of other islands in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola, and returned to Spain in triumph. He was made 'admiral of the Seven Seas' and viceroy of the Indies, and within a few months, set off on a second and larger voyage. More territory was covered, but the Asian lands that Columbus was aiming for remained elusive.

Indeed, others began to dispute whether this was in fact the Orient or a completely 'new' world. Columbus made two further voyages to the newfound territories, but suffered defeat and humiliation along the way. A great navigator, Columbus was less successful as an administrator and was accused of mismanagement.