Doctor har gobind khorana biography

It was also common for him to sit on the steps of the post office transcribing letters for illiterate villagers. Khorana greatly valued the stability Esther brought into his life, having spent the previous 6 years living away from his family and home country. Esther introduced him to Western classical music which he developed a passion for and their home was filled with paintings and many books on science, art and philosophy.

Khorana also had a deep interest in nature and regularly went hiking and swimming. Often he would use the solitude of long walks to think through scientific problems. They were all born in Canada. Khorana was known for his great modesty and humility and he did not like publicity. He became a naturalised US citizen in Khorana received his first four years of education from a village teacher while sitting under a tree.

After this Khorana attended D. High School in the near-by city of Multan now West Punjab and then applied to study English literature and chemistry at the Government College in Lahore which was affiliated to Punjab University. Two years later he had completed a a master's degree at the same institution. In Khorana gained a Government of India fellowship to undertake a doctorate in England which he intended to use to study insecticides and fungasides.

He landed up, however, studying the chemistry of melanins under the supervision of Roger J. Beer at Liverpool University. It was the only doctoral placement the Indian High Commission office in London could find him. Khorana completed his doctorate in From early on Khorana did not stick to the rigid boundaries of disciplines and his work was to take him across the fields of chemistry, biology and physics.

This was unusual for scientists of his generation. Whenever he undertook a new project Khorana secured time in other laboratories so that he could master the techniques he needed to carry an idea forward. As soon as he finished his doctorate, based on the importance of German scientific literature, Khorana decided he would benefit from pursuing his post-doctoral research in a German-speaking country.

As the world observed his birth centenary on January 9, humanity is indebted to the Nobel laureate, whose outstanding contribution bagged him the highest accolade in in Physiology or Medicine along with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for the elucidation of the genetic code. Born on January 9,in Multan in pre-Independence India, his father was a patwari, a village clerk occupying the lowest rung in the agricultural revenue collection system the ruling colonial government set up.

InGobind was fortunate to be sent to England on a studentship to study insecticides and fungicides. In Liverpool, Khorana received a PhD in Dr Khorana was a man grounded in humility and stuck to principles. Contents move to sidebar hide.

Doctor har gobind khorana biography: Har Gobind Khorana (9

Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. Indian-American molecular biologist. Concord, MassachusettsU. Biography [ edit ]. Research [ edit ]. Subsequent research [ edit ]. Awards and honors [ edit ]. Death [ edit ].

Doctor har gobind khorana biography: As of the fall

References [ edit ]. Gobind Khorana — Biographical". Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 12 June Retrieved 9 January Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 16 September PLOS Biology. ISSN PMC Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 April Retrieved 21 June Archived from the original on 9 January ISBN Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 9 January — via Google Books.

The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January Retrieved 7 January Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 August Archived from the original on 28 August The Conversation. Archived from the original on 6 April Retrieved 7 April Archived from the original on 8 January Archived from the original on 1 August In Zhao, Xiaojian ed. OCLC Retrieved 6 April Bibcode : Natur.

PMID Retrieved 20 August The family had to leave Multan, their home for centuries — as it had been for other Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. Thanks in part to help from Muslim friends, the family all made it alive crossing over as refugees in Delhi in later Sadly, Gobind would never see his homeland and his favorite sugarcane fields again — a minor yet real tragedy amidst the tragedy of 12 million dispossessed and a million or more murdered on both sides.

Physiology Or Medicine, — World Scientific. Retrieved 10 January Gobind Khorana". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Gobind Khorana — Facts". Archived from the original on 1 June Archived from the original on 11 January Archived from the original on 8 October Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 3 December Retrieved 5 February Bibcode : Sci Retrieved 21 September Journal of Molecular Biology.

Journal of Biological Chemistry. Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 11 August London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 15 October Retrieved 28 September American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on 15 December Retrieved 17 May Retrieved 8 January USA Today. Archived from the original on 20 August Archived from the original on 26 June Retrieved 26 June External links [ edit ].

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Hitchings J. Krebs Richard J. Wieschaus Peter C. Zinkernagel Stanley B. Prusiner Robert F. Szostak Robert G. Although the literacy level was low in his home village and his family was poor, Khorana's parents valued education, and he attended Punjab University in Lahore on a government scholarship.

He completed a bachelor's degree in chemistry there in and stayed on to gain a master's degree in Receiving a fellowship from the Indian government, he earned a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Liverpool in England in Khorana did postdoctoral work at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and then at Cambridge University in England, where he developed an interest in the chemistry of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid DNAthe molecule that carries genetic information, and its adjunct, ribonucleic doctor har gobind khorana biography RNA.

They had three children. In the same year he was appointed director of the organic chemistry section of the British Columbia Research Council at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. In Khorana and his associate, John Moffatt, synthesized coenzyme A, a complex molecule and one that is important in cell chemistry. This achievement brought Khorana international recognition, and in he moved to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where he was named codirector of the Institute for Enzyme Research.

Khorana performed the research on the genetic code for which he won the Nobel Prize at Wisconsin in the s. It had been established previously that DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of four different building blocks, or nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides forms a code that contains the information to make proteins, also linear molecules made up of twenty different building blocks called amino acids.

In Marshall Nirenberg showed that a specific sequence of three nucleotides contains the code for one amino acid. Mathematically, by taking four nucleotides in groups of three, with the order within each triplet taken into account, there are sixty-four different nucleotide triplet codes. Since there are only twenty different amino acids, it was not surprising to discover that there is more than one triplet coding for most amino acids.

Also, two of the triplets do not code for any amino acid ; instead, they are "stop" messages that signal the end of the sequence.

Doctor har gobind khorana biography: Indian-born American biochemist who

After Nirenberg's initial work, several laboratories, including Khorana's, sought to discover the code for all twenty amino acids. Khorana did this by synthesizing strings of DNA with specific nucleotide sequences and then using them to make strings of RNA nucleotides, called ribopolynucleotides. He synthesized molecules with all sixty-four possible sequences, confirming that the information in the DNA is indeed used to make RNA, which in turn is used to make protein.

Bythe year in which Khorana became a naturalized U. They shared the prize with Robert W. Holley, who had discovered the role of a molecule called transfer RNA in protein synthesis. After winning the Nobel Prize, Khorana continued his work on synthesizing nucleic acids through the end of the decade. In he published the results of his research on creating a synthetic gene, a piece of DNA that he had made in a test tube.

While he had been able to synthesize short lengths of DNA in the past, this was the first time anyone had fabricated a DNA molecule long enough to contain all the information needed to make a gene product, in this case a transfer RNA molecule. This DNA molecule was seventy-seven nucleotides long. Khorana later synthesized a second gene, one that coded for a protein.

Both these genes functioned normally, producing normal products. This work received a great deal of attention, in some cases being heralded as a first step in the creation of life in a test tube. A modest man, Khorana shied away from such claims and saw his work as just another step in understanding the machinery of the cell. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry.

In the early twenty-first century, he remained at MIT as a professor emeritus. Like many other researchers who made contributions to molecular biology in the s working on the biochemistry of such simple organisms as bacteria and yeast, Khorana moved on in the s and s to study the more biochemically complex systems of animals. For many years his research focused on photoreceptor cells.

He studied the structure and function of rhodopsin, a complex protein found in the rods, the cells of the eye's retina that are sensitive to dim light. Khorana's work in the s was crucial to the development of the field of molecular biology. Until the genetic code was worked out, it was impossible even to consider the manipulation of genes. After the code was broken, molecular biologists went on to discover how to remove genes from one organism and insert them into the DNA of another, opening up the field of genetic engineering.

Khorana's synthesis of a gene was crucial to this research, because it showed that nucleic acids could be manipulated in a test tube and still work when reinserted into a cellular environment. Khorana wrote a biographical article, "A Life in Science," in Science Har Gobind Khorana born was an Indian organic chemist and cowinner of the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.

His research in chemical genetics vastly extended our understanding of how the chemicals of a cell nucleus transmit information to succeeding generations of cells. Har Gobind Khorana was born in Raipur on January 9, After obtaining a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Liverpoolhe worked with V. He moved to the University of Wisconsin in and in was named to the Conrad A.

Elvehjem chair in life sciences at the Institute of Enzyme Research. Khorana's research embraced many fields: peptides and proteins; chemistry of phosphate esters, nucleic acids, and viruses; and chemical genetics. It was his work in chemical genetics that secured for him three coveted prizes: the Merck Award of the Chemical Institute of Canada inthe Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University inand the Nobel Prize in the doctor har gobind khorana biography year.

Khorana's work supplements the research of Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley. Inwhile experimenting with the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coliNirenberg had deciphered the coded messages that DNA deoxyribonucleic acid sends to RNA ribonucleic acidwhich in turn prescribes the synthesis of new proteins.