Biography of douglas mcarthur

For the rest of the s, MacArthur again held various military posts and also headed the American Olympic Committee. He divorced Louise in InMacArthur was promoted to general and selected as the Army chief of staff. Over the next few years his efforts were primarily devoted to maintaining a military that, like the rest of the country, was crippled by the Great Depression.

He also spoke frequently of what he considered to be the increasingly serious threat of Communism, both in the United States and abroad. InPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt chose MacArthur as his military adviser to the Philippines and sent him there to establish a defensive military force. MacArthur married his second wife, Jean Faircloth, inand the following year she gave birth to a son, Arthur.

In JulyMacArthur was recalled to active duty and became commander of U. Inat the end of the war, President Harry S. Truman appointed MacArthur supreme Allied commander. MacArthur was placed in charge of the formal surrender of Tokyo, and for the next six years, he remained in Japan to command the occupation forces there and to oversee the rebuilding of the country.

MacArthur passed the exam and entered West Point inwhen he was nineteen. During his years at the academy he had an excellent academic record; he also played baseball, managed the football team, and served as president of the student body during his senior year. At graduation in he won the rank of first captain, the school's highest military honor, and also was first in his class in academics.

After graduation he was made second lieutenant of engineers, and he served briefly in the Philippines, then in San Francisco. In he was assigned to serve as an aide to his father, who had been appointed the U. Army's official observer of the war between Russia and Japan. The next year MacArthur returned to Washington to work as an aide to President Theodore Roosevelta friend of his father's.

Over the next ten years, MacArthur served a number of different assignments. It was during World War I that MacArthur made his reputation—both for exceptional courage and for exceptional arrogance. In response to the military's need to recruit more men into the armed forces and to unite the country behind the war effort, MacArthur suggested the formation of a "Rainbow Division," which would be made up of National Guard volunteers from each state.

MacArthur was assigned to lead this division and given the temporary rank of colonel. In Junewhen he was only thirty-eight years old, MacArthur was appointed brigadier general, and two months later he was given command of the Rainbow Division's 84th Infantry Brigade. He led his troops in several major battles in France, including those at St.

Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, and Sedan. MacArthur became famous both for his bravery he earned seven Silver Stars as well as four other U. It consisted of riding breeches, a turtleneck sweater, a four-foot-long scarf, and a soft cap instead of a helmet. He also smoked his cigarettes in a long holder. Called the "Fighting Dude" by the troops, MacArthur was once taken prisoner by an American soldier who thought he must be a German because of his unusual uniform.

Returning to the United States inMacArthur was named superintendent of West Point— the youngest officer ever to hold that post. During his three years at the academy, he modernized the curriculum, reorganized the athletic program, and made other changes that allowed the school to double in size. In Februaryhe married a wealthy, divorced socialite named Henrietta Louise Cromwell Brooks, and in August of the same year he was assigned to serve in the Philippines.

Inhe was named president of the U. Olympic Committee and spent a summer in Amsterdam overseeing the games. Then he returned to the Philippines, but this time his wife did not accompany him; the following June, the two were divorced by mutual consent. In the fall ofMacArthur returned to Washington, D. Only fifty years old, MacArthur attained the biography of douglas mcarthur of four-star general.

Only eight other generals in U. The country was in the midst of the Great Depression ; a period of sharp economic decline during which many businesses went bankrupt and many people were jobless and there was not much extra money for military use; nevertheless, MacArthur managed to modernize and strengthen the army during his five years as chief of staff.

The only controversy of his term occurred when he was accused of taking too personal a role in a troop action that ended the "Bonus March," a demonstration by impoverished World War I veterans demanding assistance from the government. MacArthur was accused of trying to make himself look good by personally appearing on the scene; in addition, it was said that the troops had used too much force against the veterans.

MacArthur's next job was as a military advisor to the newly-formed Philippine Commonwealth, which was scheduled to become fully independent, but the United States would still be in charge of the country's defense. MacArthur's job was to create and train military forces for the Philippine government. One young officer who accompanied him on this assignment was Major Dwight D.

Eisenhower ; see entrywho would later achieve his own measure of greatness as commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II. In AprilMacArthur wed Jean Faircloth, a Tennessean he had met on the boat to the Philippines; he later described the marriage which turned out to be long and happy as "perhaps the smartest thing I have ever done. By the middle ofJapan's aggressive actions in the Pacific region alarmed the American government.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt recalled MacArthur from retirement and made him the head of all the U. Army forces in the Pacific area, including the entire army of the Philippines, which was immediately inducted into the U. MacArthur quickly began preparing the forces in the Philippines, raising the number of soldiers from 22, toThese men, however, were mostly untrained troops.

On December 7,Japan bombed Pearl Harbortaking everyone by surprise and destroying much of the U. Navy's fleet. Instead of making sure that the U. But nine days after Pearl HarborJapan struck the airfield, following their attack with a full-fledged invasion of the Philippines. By Christmas, MacArthur and his friend Manuel Quezon, the president of the Philippines, were forced to abandon the country's capital, Manila.

They took refuge at Corregidor, the island fortress at the entrance to Manila Bay. Meanwhile the combined U. Soon it was clear that the Philippines could not be saved, and President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave. With his family and a few staff members and officers, MacArthur escaped to Australia, traveling miles by PT boat a coastal patrol vesselfollowed by a flight in a B Flying Fortress airplane with the Japanese in pursuit.

MacArthur felt that the United States broke its biography of douglas mcarthur to protect the Philippines, and he was determined to rescue the country from the Japanese. But first he had to convince the other Allied military commanders—who were inclined to focus first on the defeat of Germany—that conquering the Japanese should be a high priority.

That done, he would have to convince those who thought American forces should bypass the Philippines on the way to attacking Japan. Meanwhile, Australia was vulnerable to Japanese attack. Bythe United States was sending more troops and airplanes to the Pacific. The War Department had divided the region into two theaters or areas of attack: Admiral Chester Nimitz ; see sidebar on page would lead the navy west across the central Pacific and toward Japan, while MacArthur and the army would move north from Australia.

MacArthur used a unique "leapfrogging" strategy that proved highly successful. The strategy involved "hopping" from island to island, bypassing the places where enemy troops were waiting in large numbers, and attacking where they were least expected. In this way, MacArthur worked his way toward the Philippines—with Japan as the final goal— making eighty-seven amphibious landings a joint action of land, sea, and air forces that invade from the seas and minimizing casualties deaths or wounding of his own soldiers.

Finally the Allies were ready to retake the Philippines, and MacArthur waded ashore with his troops at Leyte island in October and on the mainland at Luzon three months later. With his first landing he made a radio broadcast proclaiming, "People of the Philippines, I have returned," and he became an instant hero to his listeners.

He was not such a hero, however, with some of his officers and soldiers. They felt that he wanted to keep all of the glory for himself. After the Allied forces cleared the Philippines of all remaining Japanese soldiers, they prepared to invade Japan. MacArthur was named commander of all U. The plans were made unnecessary, however, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

On August 15, Japan surrendered to the Allies. Immediately after the end of the war, MacArthur was made civilian administrator of occupied Japan. This important position involved helping the country recover from the devastating effects of war as well as encouraging a democratic form of government—instead of the type of government they had in place during the war, one headed by an emperor and dominated by the military.

MacArthur arrived in Tokyo with no weapons but plenty of self-confidence. He set up his headquarters in the Dai Ichi Building in Tokyo. From there he issued various rules and regulations to disarm the country, restore the economy, begin land reform, and create and strengthen labor unions. Emperor Hirohito ; see entry was allowed to remain as a symbol of unity and tradition, but he was stripped of almost all of his power.

Although some viewed MacArthur as an almost dictatorial ruler who did not listen to criticism, most observers praised his evenhanded approach as well as the way he won the trust of the Japanese people. MacArthur himself felt that this was his most successful role and greatest accomplishment. Back in the United States, MacArthur was mentioned as a possible presidential candidate for the election.

He did not discourage his supporters, and was said to be quite disappointed when Thomas Dewey beat him for the Republican nomination. After World War II, the country of Korea was divided into two countries, Communist North Korea and South Koreawhich had an authoritarian where power is concentrated in an authority that is not responsible to the people government.

Biography of douglas mcarthur: Douglas MacArthur (26 January

The United States was concerned about the spread of communism throughout Asia. President Harry S. Truman ; see entry placed MacArthur in charge of the U. Soon he was made commander of the United Nations forces sent to help South Korea. MacArthur's personal determination to fight communism led him to go against the advice of other military leaders and launch a bold strike against North Korea with an amphibious landing at Inchon in September His troops succeeded in pushing the enemy back across the 38th parallel the line dividing North and South Koreaand they continued driving the North Koreans toward the Yalu River, which formed the boundary between North Korea and China.

MacArthur ignored warnings that the Chinese might join the North Koreans in their struggle. The Chinese did join the fight, and the American and United Nations troops had to withdraw. MacArthur asserted that instead of retreating, the United States should bomb strategic sites in China; he thought that to crush communism in Asia, they would have to crush China, the largest Communist country.

But Truman and other western leaders disagreed. They were not ready to start another big war. MacArthur was unwilling to accept this judgment, and he made public his conflict with Truman over U. Truman firmly believed that a military officer must not question the civilian leader of the United States, and therefore he relieved MacArthur of his command on April 11, A week later, MacArthur returned to the United States for the first time in fifteen years.

He received a hero's welcome, with about 20, admirers waiting to greet him when his airplane landed. He made a speech before Congress, quoting a line from an old ballad, "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away": "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away—an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty.

With the death of General George C. Marshall ; see entry. He remained on active duty—though without assignment—until his death. MacArthur was buried in one of the old uniforms he'd worn during his days in the Pacific, adorned only from among all the many decorations he had earned with the U. Navy commanded Allied forces in the northern and eastern parts of the region.

Admiral Chester Nimitz was a quiet, easygoing man with a big job. Born in in Fredericksburg, Texas, Nimitz graduated from the U. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in He served in the Philippines, and later became an expert on submarines. He flew out to Hawaii and began rebuilding the fleet, which had been devastated by the attack. Nimitz was soon overseeing raids on the Marshall Islandsthen on the Gilbert Islands.

It seemed that despite the blow it had taken, the U. Navy was on the attack. In an operation designed to protect Australia from possible Japanese invasion, Nimitz gathered together Allied forces for the Battle of the Coral Seawhich took place in early May This victory was followed by another one at Midway Island in June. During the next year, Nimitz's forces worked their way across the central Pacific, rooting out the Japanese from their island strongholds and pounding the Japanese navy.

Roosevelt ; see entry and other military commanders to discuss MacArthur's wish to liberate the Philippines. Nimitz finally agreed with MacArthur that it was the right thing to do, and in October the Battle for Leyte Gulf took place. The Allies came out on top, and MacArthur was able to wade ashore as the returning victor. Nimitz was promoted to five-star admiral in December Nimitz was among the Allied officers who signed the treaty agreement.

He left his Pearl Harbor command in November and the next month became the commander in chief for the U. Two years later Nimitz retired from the military. He died in The Cold War was an intense political and economic rivalry from to between the United Statesthe Soviet Unionand China with limited military conflict. MacArthur later led U.

Holding very strong anticommunist views, he became the most controversial U. Promoting a military conquest of communist China and reunification of Korea, he was a major critic of U. He was raised on various army posts in Texas and the American Southwest, as his biography of douglas mcarthur became one of the highest-ranking officers in the army.

MacArthur's mother was an ambitious woman and strongly influenced his drive for high achievement. His brother would become a naval captain. He then attended the military academy at West Point and graduated first in his class in He then served as a junior engineering officer for the U. InMacArthur joined the general staff of the War Department and was often sent on field assignments.

Promoted to colonel, he held biography of douglas mcarthur field commands and showed unusual bravery and flair. He received a number of decorations and rose to the rank of brigadier general by He served as part of the occupation forces in Germany before returning to the United States in April Following the war, MacArthur was appointed superintendent of West Point.

He introduced major new reforms during his three years there from toincluding raising the school's academic standards. Inhe married a wealthy socialite widow, Louise Brooks. They would have no children and divorce after seven years of marriage. From toMacArthur held several positions that included two tours in the Philippines, and he eventually rose to a major general.

During this period, he became very interested in Far Eastern international issues. MacArthur was recognized for his high intelligence and extraordinary command abilities. However, he would be also considered egotistical and aloof except by his closest friends and associates. He worked hard to cultivate a strong public image of his military accomplishments.

During his career, he would repeatedly question the civilian authority over the military as established in the U. This trait would bring him into great controversy. Army chief of staff, the youngest to hold that position in U. MacArthur would serve in that position for five years, primarily attempting to maintain an effective military force during the economic hard times of the Great Depression —41the worst financial crisis in American history.

In the summer ofhowever, his image was strongly tarnished when he led a charge of army troops to remove several thousand World War I veterans from Washington, D. The veterans had been peacefully protesting to Congress for advanced pay of their promised benefits, owing to the high unemployment brought by the Depression. They had refused to leave when Congress turned them down.

MacArthur was also unpopular for his fight against the prevailing pacifist mood of the nation. His stance was that the country needed to maintain a high level of military preparedness. Roosevelt —; served — The CCC was a federal program for providing work for more thanunemployed young men. It proved to be one of the most successful economic relief programs during the Depression of the s.

InMacArthur resigned the chief of staff position to become a military advisor to the newly established Philippine government. During his six years there, he strove to build a Filipino force capable of combating Japanese military expansion in the region. Cold War policies aimed at containing the spread of communism in the Far East.

Communism is a system of government in which the nation's leaders are selected by a biography of douglas mcarthur political party that controls almost all aspects of society. Private ownership of property is eliminated and government directs all economic production. The goods produced and accumulated wealth are, in theory, shared relatively equally by all.

They would have one son. In DecemberMacArthur retired from the U. Army and assumed the role of private military advisor to the Filipino leadership. With the decline in relations between Japan and the United States in earlyMacArthur was reinstated in the. Army forces in the Far East. For the first several months, optimism ran high that the Japanese advances in the region could be turned back before long.

However, the surprise Japanese attack on the U. Only hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese forces landed in the Philippines. The Japanese forces continually advanced, as MacArthur's troops used a series of delaying actions while in steady retreat. By Marchthe U. Shortly after MacArthur left for Australia, the U. Nonetheless, under public pressure, Roosevelt awarded MacArthur the Congressional Medal of Honor for his delaying tactics and promoted him to full general.

The U. Roosevelt, though, privately believed MacArthur mishandled the logistical support badly, but gave in to the continuing public and congressional adoration of MacArthur. For the next thirty months, MacArthur mounted a counteroffensive against the Japanese with the goal of eventually recapturing the Philippines. He began with an attack on New Guinea and then hopped from island to island.

In the fall ofMacArthur led a major invasion of the Philippines. However, progress proved much slower than expected, dragging into with high casualties. During this period in AprilMacArthur became commander of all U. The battle for the Philippines became largely irrelevant in Augustwhen the United States dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities.

The Japanese soon surrendered. Following the surrender, President Harry S. Truman —; served —53; see entry appointed MacArthur the occupation commander of Japan. MacArthur would prove a very positive influence on the successful rebuilding of Japan's economy and society, and in containing the expansion of communism in the region. MacArthur brought major change in dismantling the Japanese military and war industry, and introducing democratic reforms.

A new constitution was written under MacArthur's direct leadership, which guaranteed certain human rightssuch as freedom of the pressfreedom of speechand greater rights for women. MacArthur also introduced a new educational system and sweeping economic reforms. MacArthur was responsible as well for establishing a prowestern government in South Korea.

Korea had been divided into Soviet and U. However, Rhee imposed a harsh rule that quickly grew unpopular with U. MacArthur's role ended inwhen the new South Korean government, known as the Republic of Koreawas formed. Byas communist victory in the civil war in China was growing more obvious, MacArthur switched his emphasis to the rebuilding of industry rather than social reform.

He also became a leading critic of President Truman's decision to reduce foreign aid to the Chinese Nationalist government. Nationalism refers to the strong loyalty of a person or group to its own country. The Chinese Nationalists wanted to once again raise the world prominence of China. Truman believed there was little chance for the government to survive much longer against the communist revolutionary forces of Mao Zedong —; see entry.

In OctoberMao's forces finally gained control of the Chinese government, and Chiang Kai-shek —; see entry fled to the island of Taiwan, where he established a new government. MacArthur immediately proposed to use Taiwan as a military base to retake Mainland China. He also strove to restrict the growth of any communist political activities in Japan, even creating a special police force of seventy-five thousand men to guard against any efforts to sabotage the newly forming Japanese economy.

Focus shifted quickly to Korea in Junehowever, when the communist-controlled North Korea invaded U. The UN is an international organization, composed of most of the nations of the world, created to preserve world peace and security. MacArthur was named commander of the UN forces dominated by U. Inthe United States would sign a peace treaty with Japan, ending U.

On September 15,MacArthur led a daring invasion on the coast of Korea behind enemy lines, splitting overextended North Korean forces. The UN forces met little resistance, eventually reaching the border of Chinese-controlled Manchuria. MacArthur basically ignored threats from communist China that they would commit troops to the war if U. MacArthur even called for attacks on China itself that included an invasion from Taiwan.

However, Truman wanted no part in expanding the war. Nevertheless, Chinese communist leader Mao was becoming very nervous about U. Finally in late Novembercommunist China launched a massive offensive involving almost three hundred thousand Chinese troops.

Biography of douglas mcarthur: Douglas MacArthur was an

The UN forces hastily retreated back into South Korea. MacArthur blamed Truman for not attacking China first. By Marchthe battlefront stabilized back to the original prewar boundary between North and South Korea at the thirty-eighth parallel. MacArthur persisted in his attacks on Truman, giving life to charges made by. McCarthy —; see entry of Wisconsin of communist subversion in the U.

His aggressive position also undermined the president's efforts at seeking a cease-fire. Finally on April 11,Truman angrily relieved MacArthur of all his military biographies of douglas mcarthur. MacArthur returned to the United States and was welcomed by the public as a war hero, perhaps owing more to his World War II exploits than his Korean controversies.

MacArthur made a dramatic speech to a joint session of Congress on April 19,again harshly criticizing Truman's foreign policies. It was this speech in which MacArthur uttered the famous line, "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away. The public quickly began to lose interest in the general's perspectives. Other senior military leaders did not share his opinions, and his later speeches gained less public attention.

MacArthur also held political interests in running for president as the Republican candidate and began to focus on the presidential elections. He and his supporters had previously shown some interest in and as well, but little came from it. Although he delivered the keynote speech at the Republican National Convention inanother popular military commander won the nomination instead, World War II general Dwight D.

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MacArthur spent his early childhood in New Mexico where his father commanded an infantry company protecting 'settlers and railroad workers from the Indian menace', 1 before moving back to 'civilisation' in the words of his mother first to Kansas, then to Washington DC where his father took a post in the Defence Department. Following the break-up of his six year marriage to divorcee heiress Louise Crowell Brooks MacArthur had another two year tour of duty in the Philippines before his appointment in November as a full general and Chief of Staff of the United State Army.

In this role in Julyin the depths of the Depression, there occurred the most infamous event of MacArthur's career when he led infantry and cavalry in Washington DC to force the evacuation from government property of more than 10, members of the so-called Bonus Army. This 'Army', alleged by MacArthur to be led by Communists, consisted of World War One Veterans who had been in the capital for several weeks seeking earlier payment of their promised war bonuses.

Although no shots were fired, two babies died and there were many injuries when the veterans and their families were routed and their camps destroyed by fire.